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In the last two lessons we learned about classifications done on Vowels (Svarah) and Consonants (Vyanjanah). We now give a comprehensive description of each letter, a vowel or a consonant.
Let us first look at the table showing comprehensive classification of Sanskrit Vowels स्वराः.
| Vowels - स्वराः | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Letter | Classification | Letter | Classification |
| अ | Short Vowel (ह्रस्व) Guttural (कण्ठय) | आ | Long Vowel (दीर्घ) Guttural (कण्ठय) |
| इ | Short Vowel (ह्रस्व) Palatal (तालव्य) | ई | Long Vowel (दीर्घ) Palatal (तालव्य) |
| उ | Short Vowel (ह्रस्व) Labial (ओष्ठय) | ऊ | Long Vowel (दीर्घ) Labial (ओष्ठय) |
| ऋ | Short Vowel (ह्रस्व) Cerebral (मूर्धन्य) | ॠ | Long Vowel (दीर्घ) Cerebral (मूर्धन्य) |
| ऌ | Short Vowel (ह्रस्व) Dental (दन्तय) | ए | Long Vowel (दीर्घ) Gutturals + Palatals (कण्ठतालव्य) |
| ऐ | Long Vowel (दीर्घ) Guttural + Palatal (कण्ठतालव्य) | ||
| ओ | Long Vowel (दीर्घ) Guttural + Labial (कण्ठोष्ठय) | ||
| औ | Long Vowel (दीर्घ) Guttural + Labial (कण्ठोष्ठय) | ||
| अं | Anusvarah अनुस्वारः | अः | Visargah विसर्गः |
In addition to short and long form of vowels we also have protracted (प्लुत) form which we find in Vedic chanting. The following table tells more on the three types Hrisva, Dhirga and Plutha form of Vowels. The appended numbers "3" and "4" to letters represent the Plutha sound indicate the matra required.
| Short Vowels ह्रस्वाः | Long Vowels दीर्घाः | Protracted Vowels प्लुताः |
|---|---|---|
| अ | आ | अ3 |
| इ | ई | इ3 |
| उ | ऊ | उ3 |
| ऋ | ॠ | ऋ3 |
| ऌ | ऌ3 | |
| ए | ए3 | |
| ऐ | ऐ4 | |
| ओ | ओ3 | |
| औ | औ4 |
The next lesson displays a comprehensive grouping done on Sanskrit Consonants.
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Our next lesson is Lesson-5 Sanskrit Consonants - व्यञ्जनानि.
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