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Entry Level – Module 3 Sentence building in Samskritam - Lesson 7 - Sarvanama Shabdas in Samskritam

प्रावेशिकः स्तरः - तृतीयः विभागः – संस्कृत-वाक्यरचना - सप्तमः पाठः - सर्वनामशब्दाः

		We learn about........
		सर्वनामानि कानि? भगवद्गीतायां सर्वनामशब्दाः इदम्, एतद्, असौ, तद् इदम्-शब्द-रूपाणि अदस्-शब्द-रूपाणि सर्व-शब्दस्य रूपाणि पूर्व - सर्वनामशब्दः उभ – सर्वनामशब्दः

शङ्कराचार्य-रचितायाः सौन्दर्यलहर्याः एकषष्ठीतमं स्लोकम् अस्मिन् पाठस्य मङ्गलाचरणम् भवति। The prayer sloka for this lesson is the 61st sloka of Soundarya Lahari written by Sri.Sankaracharya. The sloka extols the power of Divine mother’s Nose in blessing the Bhaktha. It also poetically describes the beauty of the Pearl studded in her Nose Ring.

असौ नासावंशस्तुहिनगिरिवंशध्वजपटि त्वदीयो नेदीयः फलतु फलमस्माकमुचितम् । वहत्यन्तर्मुक्ताः शिशिरकरनिश्वासगलितं समृद्धया यत्तासां बहिरपि च मुक्तामणिधरः ।।

Let us do पदच्छेदः and write in prose order to understand the verses better.

(हे) तुहिनगिरिवंशध्वजपटि त्वदीयः असौ नासावंशः अस्माकम् उचितम् फलम् फलतु। (सः) अन्तः मुक्ताः वहति यत् तासाम् समृद्ध्या शिशिरकरनिश्वासगलितं (मुक्ताफलम् एकम्)। बहिः अपि मुक्तामणिधरः।

Above sloka says “ Oh Mother Parvathi who is foremost in the family of Himavan like a flag, may that bamboo like Nose of yours grant as appropriate benefits early. Your bamboo-nose carries pearls inside. Because of their abundance one of them dropped out by the exhalation in your left nostril. So it holds pearl outside as well.”

This sloka has a very high poetic value comparing Mothers nose to bamboo and the Pearl studded in the nose ornament looks like one of the pearls that dropped out of the left nostril due to the exhalation. Muktha phalam (Pearl) symbolizes Mukthi and hence the prayer is for getting fitting benefits including Mukthi.

We find a new word “असौ” in the sloka which means ‘that’ (something that is viewed) and it refers to नासावंशः the bamboo like nose. “असौ” is the प्रथमा-एकवचनम् form of पुल्लिङ्ग-सर्वनामशब्दः ‘अदस्’. Another Sarvanama shabda present in the sloka is ‘तासाम्’. It is the षष्ठी-बहुवचन form of स्त्रीलिङ्ग-सर्वनामशब्दः ‘तद्’. Sarvanama form ‘तासाम्’ refers to ‘मुक्ताः’ प्रथमा-बहुवचनम् of स्त्रीलिङ्ग-शब्दः ‘मुक्ता’. We are already familiar with the Sarvanama Shabdha ‘तद्’ in all the three lingas. We propose to learn more Sarvanama Shabdas like ‘अदस्’ in this lesson. Studying the Vibhakthi forms of all Sarvanama Shabdas is beyond the scope of this lesson.

सर्वनामानि कानि?

In our earlier lesson on Sarvanama in module 1 (Sanskrit pronouns - सर्वनामशब्दाः) सर्वनामाः were introduced as Words equivalent to Pronouns in English. But strictly speaking this kind of classification is not quite correct. First Panini in Ashtadhyayi defines सर्वनामाः as ‘सर्वादीनि सर्वनामानि (1.1.27)’. That is, Sarvanamas are words put in a group called ‘सर्वादि’. And he further defines some more words as Saravanama. We also note that the list of Sarvanamas include Shabdas which indicates directions like पूर्वः, दक्षिणः, and ‘द्वि’ meaning ‘two’ are cannot be considered as pronouns. The name सर्वनाम is given by Panini to undergo some special Vibhakthi transformations.
Earlier we have learned the Vibhakthi forms of एतद्, तद्, अस्मद्, युष्मद्, and भवत्. In this lesson we learn the Vibhakthi forms of some more commonly used Sarvanamas. Prior to that let us look at some भगवद्गीता स्लोकाः with Sarvanama forms of इदम्. All Saravanama Shabdhas in the slokas are highlighted in yellow.

अयम् is the पुल्लिङ्गप्रथमा एकवचनम् form of Saravanama Shabda ‘इदम्’. It can be taken equivalent to ‘this’ in English. ‘इदम्’ has Vibhakthi forms in all the three lingas which we will be learning in this lesson.

इदम्, एतद्, असौ, तद्

एतद् and तद् were introduced in module I broadly relating to ‘this’ and ‘that. Although this similarity is given to make learning easier at early level, they cannot be considered as the right equivalents to this and that. Shabdas ‘इदम्’ and ‘असौ’ also relate themselves to this and that respectively. What are the exact meanings of these four and how the four can be placed in order? The following कारिका (Facts given in metrical verses) answers the question in a poetic way.

Let us now understand how objects are indicated by these Sarvanamas depending on their placement or location

The following picture with sentences relating to it explain the contexts of use of the above four Sarvanamas.

अहं विजयः। अहं उद्याने अस्मि। एषा उत्पीठिका। एतानि पुस्तकानि। अयं वृक्षः।	इयं नदी। असौ पर्वतः। अदः गगनम्। मम भगिन्याः नाम राधा। सा गृहे अस्ति।

Let us now learn the Vibhakthi forms of ‘इदम्’ and ‘अदस्’ Shabdas in all the three lingas. We also add few example-sentences under each group.

इदम्-शब्द-रूपाणि

वाक्ये इदम्-शब्दः – उदाहरणानि

We now list few example sentences containing the Vibhakthi forms of ‘इदम्’. Please note इदम्-शब्दः assumes forms in accordance with the Linga, Vachana and Vibhakthi of nouns they indicate.

अदस्-शब्द-रूपाणि

वाक्ये अदस् शब्दः – उदाहरणाणि

It is time to look at example sentences for ‘अदस्’ शब्दः. अदस् शब्दः also assumes Vibhakthi forms in accordance with the Linga, Vachana of the nouns they indicate.

Popular Shanthi Mantra is a stunning example for the use of both ‘अदस्’ and ‘इदम्’ Shabdas in the same sloka.

We can see the प्रथमा विभक्तिः forms of नपुंसकौ शब्दौ ‘अदस्’ and ‘इदम्’ after doing पदच्छेदः.

पूर्णमदः – पूर्णम् + अदः
पूर्णमिदं – पूर्णम् + इदम्

We now learn the Vibhakthi forms of some common Sarvanama Shadas.

सर्व-शब्दस्य रूपाणि

सर्वनामशब्दः ‘सर्व’ is meaning ‘all’ is अकारान्तः in पुल्लिङ्गः and नपुंसकलिङ्गः. We list the Vibhakthi forms of both below.

Feminine (स्त्रीलिङ्गः) equivalent of ‘सर्व’ is अकारान्तः ‘सर्वा’ शब्दः.

पूर्व - सर्वनामशब्दः

Another frequently used Shabdha is ‘पूर्व’. It is used to indicate direction (दिशा), place (देशः) or time (कालः). When used as direction it is a ‘स्त्रीलिङ्गः पूर्वा शब्दः’. It is विशेष्यनिघ्नः that is it follows the Linga of विशेष्यशब्दः that is the qualifying noun when used in देशः, कालः connotations. The Vibhakthi forms of अकारान्तः ‘पूर्व’ (पुल्लिङ्गः नपुंसकलिङ्गः च) and आकारान्तः ‘पूर्वा’ (स्त्रीलिङ्गः) are given below.

उभ – सर्वनामशब्दः

‘उभ’ शब्दः त्रिषु लिङ्गेषु नित्यं द्विवचनान्तः। ‘उभ’ शब्दः meaning ‘Both’ always assumes Dual form in all the three Lingas.

We acquire more familiarity with Sarvanama Shadha forms by doing exercises. अभ्यासं कृत्वा सर्वनामानाम् रूपाणि स्पष्टं मनसि स्थापयाम।

Practice Exercises - अभ्यास-प्रश्नानि

1. Fill in the blanks with suitable Vibhakthi forms of Sarvanama Shadhas given in parenthesis. कोष्ठके दत्तानां सर्वनामशब्दानाम् उचितैः विभक्ति-रूपैः रिक्त-स्थानानि पूरयत।
   1. परीक्षार्थं (इदम्) _________ पुस्तकानि पठन्तु।
   2. ______ (इदम्) लोके द्विविधा निष्ठा मया प्रोक्ता।
   3. ______ (उभ) संन्यासः कर्मयोगः च श्रेयसकरौ।
   4. राधा _______ (एतत्) वर्णलेखनीभिः चित्रम् अरचयत्।
   5. पश्य, सुरेशः तत्र तिष्ठति। वयम ________ (अदस्) समीपं गच्छाम।
   6. ______ (अदस्) देव्याः मन्दिरम्। ______ नगरं प्रति मार्गद्वयम् अस्ति।
   7. ______ (सर्व) भवन्तु सुखिनः।
   8. _______ (पूर्व) सप्ताहे तस्य विवाहः सम्पन्नः।
   9. गीतासीतौ सहोदर्यौ। _______ (सा) भ्राता चेन्नै-नगरे वसति।
   10. कर्मयोगः च ज्ञानयोगः च द्वे निष्ठे। ______ (उभ) विवरणं भगवद्गीतायां प्राप्नुमः।


2. Translate into Samskritam. संस्कृते अनुवादं कुरुत।
   
   1. These are Office Complexes. (Office Complexes – कार्यालयभवनानि। Translate using ‘इदम्’ शब्दः.)
   2. He got money from both parents. (Parents – पितरौ)
   3. He listened to the opinions of all. (opinion – अभिप्रायः)
   4. Beautiful Lotuses are there in that pond. (Use अदस् for that. Pond - तटाकः)
   5. All rivers are polluted. (polluted – प्रदूषित)
   6. Oh God! Save us from these thieves. (Save - रक्ष thief – चोरः Use इदम्)
   7. Those two trees are tall. (Use अदस्)
   8. Namaskara to all.
   9. My house is in the eastern part of the city. (Use पूर्वः भागः)
   10. This is my elder brother and that is my younger. (Use इदम् and अदस्)

उत्तराणि पश्यतु! - Show Answers       उत्तराणि गूहयतु! - Hide Answers!

1. 1. परीक्षार्थम् इमानि पुस्तकानि पठन्तु।
   2. अस्मिन् लोके द्विविधा निष्ठा मया प्रोक्ता।
   3. उभौ संन्यासः कर्मयोगः च श्रेयसकरौ।
   4. राधा ताभिः वर्णलेखनीभिः चित्रम् अरचयत्।
   5. पश्य, सुरेशः तत्र तिष्ठति। वयम् अमुष्य समीपं गच्छाम।
   6. अदः देव्याः मन्दिरम्। अमुष्मात् नगरं प्रति मार्गद्वयम् अस्ति।
   7. सर्वे भवन्तु सुखिनः।
   8. पूर्वस्मिन् सप्ताहे तस्य विवाहः सम्पन्नः।
   9. गीतासीतौ सहोदर्यौ। तयोः भ्राता चेन्नै-नगरे वसति।
   10. कर्मयोगः च ज्ञानयोगः च द्वे निष्ठे। उभयोः विवरणं भगवद्गीतायां प्राप्नुमः।

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2. 1. इमानि कार्यालयभवनानि सन्ति।
   2. सः उभाभ्यां पितृभ्यां धनम् प्राप्नोत्।
   3. सः सर्वेषाम् अभिप्रायान् अशृणोत्।
   4. अमुष्मिन् तटाके सुन्दराणि कमलानि सन्ति।
   5. सर्वाः नद्यः प्रदूषिताः।
   6. हे भगवन्। एभ्यः चोरेभ्यः अस्मान् रक्ष।
   7. अमू वृक्षौ उन्नतौ।
   8. सर्वेभ्यः नमस्कारः।
   9. मम गृहं नगरस्य पूर्वस्मिन् भागे अस्ति।
   10. अयम् मम अनुजः असौ मम अग्रजः।

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कस्मिन्चित् नगरे कानिचन मन्दिराणि सन्ति। There are some temples in some city. We often come across somewhat general references in many sentences. How are these indefinite forms formed? We learn about these in our next lesson. Our next lesson is……
Lesson 8 Indefinite References in Samskritam - चित्-चन-प्रयोगः

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